Comparative Analysis of Legal Protection and Psychological Impact on Child Victims of Sexual Violence: A Study of Jurisdiction A and Jurisdiction B
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35335/ybk5hb86Keywords:
Child victims, Comparative analysis, Legal protection, Psychological impact, Sexual violenceAbstract
Child victims of sexual violence face significant legal and psychological challenges that can vary based on the jurisdiction they reside in. This research presents a comparative analysis of the legal protection and psychological impact experienced by child victims of sexual violence in two jurisdictions, Jurisdiction A and Jurisdiction B. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining legal framework analysis and psychological impact assessment to examine the interplay between legal safeguards and psychological well-being. The legal framework analysis reveals that Jurisdiction B offers more comprehensive legal protection for child victims, characterized by higher age of consent and well-structured reporting mechanisms. In contrast, Jurisdiction A has a lower age of consent and less robust reporting mechanisms, potentially leaving certain cases inadequately addressed. Psychological impact assessments of child victims in both jurisdictions indicate that Jurisdiction B's stronger legal protection correlates with lower levels of psychological distress. Child victims in Jurisdiction A tend to experience higher levels of anxiety and fear due to insufficient legal protection. Conversely, those in Jurisdiction B report a greater sense of security and empowerment, leading to less severe psychological impact. The findings underscore the positive correlation between effective legal protection and positive psychological outcomes for child victims of sexual violence. Moreover, a holistic approach involving collaboration between legal and psychological sectors is crucial to support the healing and recovery of child victims. However, this study acknowledges its limitations in generalizing results across different contexts and culturesReferences
Abbiati, M., Mezzo, B., Waeny-Desponds, J., Minervini, J., Mormont, C., & Gravier, B. (2014). Victimization in childhood of male sex offenders: Relationship between violence experienced and subsequent offenses through discourse analysis. Victims & Offenders, 9(2), 234–254.
Acharya, A. K., Suarez, A. M., & de Jesus Gomez ONTIVEROS, F. (2016). Trafficking of Women and Children in Mexico: An Assessment of Anti-Trafficking Laws. Revista de Cercetare Si Interventie Sociala, 53.
Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and barriers to child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosures: A research update (2000–2016). Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 260–283.
Alexandre, S. (2012). The Properties of Violence: Claims to Ownership in Representations of Lynching. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
Anderson, I., & Doherty, K. (2007). Accounting for rape: Psychology, feminism and discourse analysis in the study of sexual violence. Routledge.
Banyard, V. L. (2011). Who will help prevent sexual violence: Creating an ecological model of bystander intervention. Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 216.
Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2001). The long-term mental health consequences of child sexual abuse: An exploratory study of the impact of multiple traumas in a sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 697–715.
Bennett Cattaneo, L., & Goodman, L. A. (2010). Through the lens of therapeutic jurisprudence: The relationship between empowerment in the court system and well-being for intimate partner violence victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(3), 481–502.
Berliner, L., & Barbieri, M. K. (1984). The testimony of the child victim of sexual assault. Journal of Social Issues, 40(2), 125–137.
Bornstein, R. F. (2006). The complex relationship between dependency and domestic violence: converging psychological factors and social forces. American Psychologist, 61(6), 595.
Brown, J. D., & Bobkowski, P. S. (2011). Older and newer media: Patterns of use and effects on adolescents’ health and well‐being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 95–113.
Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: a review of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 66.
Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 259–269.
Buchele-Ash, A., Turnbull III, H. R., & Mitchell, L. (1995). Forensic and law enforcement issues in the abuse and neglect of children with disabilities. Mental & Physical Disability L. Rep., 19, 115.
Bumiller, K. (2008). In an abusive state: How neoliberalism appropriated the feminist movement against sexual violence. Duke University Press.
Cambria, E., Schuller, B., Xia, Y., & Havasi, C. (2013). New avenues in opinion mining and sentiment analysis. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 28(2), 15–21.
Campbell, R. (2008). The psychological impact of rape victims. American Psychologist, 63(8), 702.
Campbell, R., Sefl, T., Barnes, H. E., Ahrens, C. E., Wasco, S. M., & Zaragoza-Diesfeld, Y. (1999). Community services for rape survivors: Enhancing psychological well-being or increasing trauma? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 847.
Cappelletti, M., & Garth, B. (1977). Access to justice: the newest wave in the worldwide movement to make rights effective. Buff. L. Rev., 27, 181.
Clermont, K. M., & Eisenberg, T. (1997). Do case outcomes really reveal anything about the legal system? Win rates and removal jurisdiction. Cornell L. Rev., 83, 581.
Davis, J. L., & Petretic-Jackson, P. A. (2000). The impact of child sexual abuse on adult interpersonal functioning: A review and synthesis of the empirical literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(3), 291–328.
Dong, X., Chen, R., Chang, E.-S., & Simon, M. (2013). Elder abuse and psychological well-being: A systematic review and implications for research and policy-A mini review. Gerontology, 59(2), 132–142.
English, D. J. (1998). The extent and consequences of child maltreatment. The Future of Children, 39–53.
Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child sexual abuse. New York, 186f.
Finkelhor, D. (1990). Early and long-term effects of child sexual abuse: An update. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21(5), 325.
Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985). The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 530–541.
Finkelhor, D., & Jones, L. (2006). Why have child maltreatment and child victimization declined? Journal of Social Issues, 62(4), 685–716.
Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. (2010). Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(5), 491–518.
Frank, J. D., & Frank, J. B. (1993). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy. JHU Press.
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization.
General, U. S. P. H. S. O. of the S. (2000). Report of the Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health: A national action agenda. Health and Human Services Department.
Ghanim, D. (2009). Gender and violence in the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Glover, J. M. (2011). The structural role of private enforcement mechanism in public law. Wm. & Mary L. Rev., 53, 1137.
Harvey, M. R. (1996). An ecological view of psychological trauma and trauma recovery. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(1), 3–23.
Ibnouf, A. H., Van den Borne, H. W., & Maarse, J. A. M. (2007). Factors influencing immunisation coverage among children under five years of age in Khartoum State, Sudan. South African Family Practice, 49(8), 14-14f.
Kanade, T., Cohn, J. F., & Tian, Y. (2000). Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580), 46–53.
Kaur, R., & Garg, S. (2008). Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 33(2), 73.
Keenan, M. (2013). Child sexual abuse and the Catholic Church: Gender, power, and organizational culture. Oxford University Press.
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: a review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 164.
Li, D., & Sullivan, W. C. (2016). Impact of views to school landscapes on recovery from stress and mental fatigue. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, 149–158.
Lindberg, F. H., & Distad, L. J. (1985). Post-traumatic stress disorders in women who experienced childhood incest. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9(3), 329–334.
Maniglio, R. (2009). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 647–657.
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425–444.
McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(2), 45–79.
Merrill, L. L., Thomsen, C. J., Sinclair, B. B., Gold, S. R., & Milner, J. S. (2001). Predicting the impact of child sexual abuse on women: the role of abuse severity, parental support, and coping strategies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 992.
Moskowitz, H. R., Beckley, J. H., & Resurreccion, A. V. A. (2012). Sensory and consumer research in food product design and development. John Wiley & Sons.
Murray, L. K., Nguyen, A., & Cohen, J. A. (2014). Child sexual abuse. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23(2), 321–337.
Niriella, M. A. D. S. J. S. (2021). Adequacy of the Contemporary Legal Framework to Avoid Secondary Victimization in the Criminal Justice System in Sri Lanka: Special Reference to Rape Victims. Marriage & Family Review, 57(3), 191–219.
Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, N. A., & Mahoney, A. (2014). Problem and solution: The spiritual dimension of clergy sexual abuse and its impact on survivors. Understanding the Impact of Clergy Sexual Abuse, 200–223.
Paulsen, M. G. (1966). Legal Framework for Child Protection, The. Colum. L. Rev., 66, 679.
Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters: Understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience—An introduction. Children Youth and Environments, 18(1), 1–29.
Perrotta, G. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Definition, contexts, neural correlations and cognitive-behavioral therapy. J Pub Health Catalog, 2(2), 40–47.
Perrow, C. (1967). A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations. American Sociological Review, 194–208.
Piper, N. (2005). A problem by a different name? A review of research on trafficking in South‐East Asia and Oceania. International Migration, 43(1‐2), 203–233.
Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Alexander, K. W., Edelstein, R., Redlich, A. D., Cordon, I. M., Jones, D. P. H., & Haugaard, J. J. (2005). Childhood sexual assault victims: Long-term outcomes after testifying in criminal court. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, i–139.
Repper, J., & Carter, T. (2011). A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services. Journal of Mental Health, 20(4), 392–411.
Rhode, D. L. (2004). Access to justice. Oxford University Press.
Saewyc, E. M. (2011). Research on adolescent sexual orientation: Development, health disparities, stigma, and resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 256–272.
Sigurdardottir, S., & Halldorsdottir, S. (2021). Persistent suffering: the serious consequences of sexual violence against women and girls, their search for inner healing and the significance of the# MeToo movement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1849.
Sigurdardottir, S., Halldorsdottir, S., & Bender, S. S. (2014). Consequences of childhood sexual abuse for health and well-being: Gender similarities and differences. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42(3), 278–286.
Skowyra, K. R., & Cocozza, J. J. (2007). Blueprint for change: A comprehensive model for the identification and treatment of youth with mental health needs in contact with the juvenile justice system. Policy Research Associates, Inc, 0.
Sorsoli, L., Kia-Keating, M., & Grossman, F. K. (2008). “ I keep that hush-hush”: Male survivors of sexual abuse and the challenges of disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 333.
Spaccarelli, S. (1994). Stress, appraisal, and coping in child sexual abuse: a theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(2), 340.
Tanielian, T. L. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery (Vol. 1). Rand Corporation.
Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., & Putnam, F. W. (2011). The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 453–476.
UNICEF. (2009). State of the World’s Children: Celebrating 20 Years of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Unicef.
Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (2002). Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8(4), 319–351.
Wellsmith, M. (2011). Wildlife crime: the problems of enforcement. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17, 125–148.
Whittier, N. (2009). The politics of child sexual abuse: Emotion, social movements, and the state. Oxford University Press.
Woodford, M. R., Paceley, M. S., Kulick, A., & Hong, J. S. (2015). The LGBQ social climate matters: Policies, protests, and placards and psychological well-being among LGBQ emerging adults. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 27(1), 116–141.
Wooffitt, R. (2005). Conversation analysis and discourse analysis: A comparative and critical introduction. Sage.
Wright, M. O., Fopma-Loy, J., & Oberle, K. (2012). In their own words: The experience of mothering as a survivor of childhood sexual abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 537–552.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Anton Adreas Sihotang, Sarma Situmorang, Dediono Dediono, Manahara Siahaan (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Sosial, Sains, Terapan dan Riset (Sosateris) is licensed under a 